Branch of government Essay Example for Free

Branch of government Essay The executive branch is the most important government branch. The executive branch is the 3rd branch of government and with out it, the entire system would be backwards and out of order. The executive is the branch of a government charged with implementing, or executing, the law and running the day-to-day affairs of the government or state. The de facto most senior figure in an executive is referred to as the head of government. The executive may be referred to as the administration, in presidential systems, or simply as the government, in parliamentary systems. The Executive branch provides national security and without national security there would definetley be no order and protection in the nation. The executive branch makes the President the commander in chief, the executive branch also makes the president the economic leader. The president appoints cabinet members, the cabinet contains the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Defense, the Attorney General (Justice Department), the Secretary of the Interior, The Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, The, Secretary of Labor, The Secretary of Health and Human Services ,the Secretary of Homeland Security, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Secretary of Transportation, the Secretary of Education, the Secretary of Energy and, the Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The executive branch is the most important branch of government because without the cabinet and all the departments, the country would be in turmoil. If there were no laws to execute then the whole country would be out of order. If there was no executive branch there would be no running the functions of the state, managing the bureaucracy, and deciding how to enforce the law. The organizational structure of the executive branch will determine the relationship between the heads of state and government respectively. The Executive Branch also carries out the laws. In a presidential system the leader of the executive branch is at once the head of state and head of government. In a parliamentary system, a cabinet minister with the title of prime minister is head of government, while the head of state is a largely ceremonial monarch or president.

Crohns Disease: Treatment, Causes and Symptoms

Crohns Disease: Treatment, Causes and Symptoms Introduction    As part of this communications portfolio is to discuss, explore and compile a report on a topic of our choice. This report will be about Crohns Disease. Terms of Reference In this report research was carried out on Crohns Disease. This report will explore and explain what the: Definition of Crohns Disease is. Types of Crohns Disease. Causes of Crohns Disease are. Signs and Symptoms of Crohns Disease. Diagnosis of Crohns Disease. Diet for Crohns Disease. Treatments used for Crohns Disease. Methology This report will be complied by using secondary research methods, such as the internet, books, newspapers and class notes. Findings Definition of Crohns Disease Crohns Disease is chronic inflammatory bowel disease also known as IBD. It causes inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhoea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. www.mayoclinic.org Crohns disease was named after an American Gastroenterologist Dr. Burrill Crohn, who first described the disease in 1932. Crohns Disease can affect any part of the digestive tract but is most commonly found in the small intestine and the colon. Someone is usually diagnosed with Crohns Disease before they are 30years of age but anyone can be diagnosed at any age. Causes of Crohns Disease The cause for Crohns Disease was unknown until recent. A Professor in London has recently linked the bacteria MAP (Mycobacterium avium patrauberculosis) which is found in the stomachs of cattle, pigs and sheep to Crohns Disease and thinks mostly the cause of some peoples Crohns Disease. Before this it was thought to be diet and stress related but these factors only aggravate the disease but are not the cause. It is possible that a virus or bacteria may trigger the disease. And in some cases it can be heredity. In mild forms it causes small shallow crater-like areas called aphtous ulcers and they develop in the inner surface of the bowel. In some more serious cases of Crohns Disease they are deeper and larger ulcers and they cause scarring and stiffness sometimes resulting in narrowing of the bowel. Some risk factors for the disease can be your age, most people with the disease before they are 30years of age. Non-steroidal anti-flammatory medication such as ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac sodium they do not cause Crohns disease but they can lead to inflammation of the bowel and make the disease worse. Where you live can be a risk factor, people who live in an urban area or in an industriesed country are more likely to develop the disease. A diet high in fats or refined foods plays a role in Crohns Disease. Signs Symptoms of Crohns Disease Crohns Disease signs and symptoms usually develop gradually and often get worse over a period of time. It is very rare for the symptoms to develop suddenly and dramatically but it is possible in some people, and other people may have no signs or symptoms.  Ã‚   When the disease is active some of the signs and symptoms can include: Diarrhoea Fever Abdominal pain cramps Fatigue Blood in your stool Weight loss Loss of appetite Mouth sores Perianal disease Feeling that your bowel is full even after bowel movement Feeling a frequent need to have a bowel movement Some people often mistake these symptoms for food poisoning or an upset stomach. All these symptoms become more severe as the disease progresses. Crohns Disease may lead to more complications in someones health such as, bowel obstruction, ulcers, fistulas, anal fissure, malnutrition, colon cancer and many more. More server signs and symptoms people may experience would be: Inflammation of skin, eyes and joints Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts Delayed growth or sexual development in children Diagnosing Crohns Disease Your GP will ask you questions about the pattern of the signs and symptoms relating to Crohns Disease and see if there are any contributing causes such as, diet, recent travel, any medication you may be on and family history.   A number of tests may be carried out by your doctor before making a diagnosis of Crohns Disease. The tests and procedures would include: A blood test Stool sample Colonoscopy examine Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan Computerised Tomography (CT) scan Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Capsule Endoscopy Small bowel enema Diet Recommended for Crohns Disease Changing your diet can help reduce the recurrence of the symptoms and lessen the severity but for someone who suffers with Crohns Disease it is recommended to: Adjust their fibre intake but this is not always the case, some people a high fibre diet can aggravate their GI tract and if this happens they will need to swap to a low-residue diet. Limit their fat intake because Crohns disease can affect their bodys ability to breakdown and absorb fat and the excess fat will pass from their small intestine to their colon resulting in diarrhoea. Limit their dairy intake because having dairy can cause an upset stomach, cramps and diarrhoea for most people with the disease. Drink plenty of water to help their body stay hydrated because of the diarrhoea the body may be losing water their body needs. They need to consider alternative sources of vitamins and minerals because Crohns Disease can affect their ability to absorb nutrients from their food properly and they would need to find multivitamins that would suit them. Their doctor would also refer them to a dietician or nutritionist to help create a well-balanced diet to suit them. Treatment and Drugs for Crohns Disease For Crohns Disease there is no cure available at the minute but in 5years time there will be a cure available to people for Crohns disease because a Professor called John Hermon-Taylor in St. Georges Hospital London has developed a vaccine, and it has been tested successfully on animals and is in the second stage trials now. In the next 3years they will be ready to test it on humans. But treatments and drugs available now to help ease and control Crohns Disease are: Anti-inflammatory drugs Immune system suppressors Antibiotics Over the counter medications Some doctors may recommend a special diet to be given through a tube or nutrients given into the vein. And if diet and lifestyle changes and medication dont help he may recommend surgery on the damaged part of the intestine and reconnect the healthy sections, although this does not cure the disease it can just stops it temporarily. Conclusion In my conclusion I learned that Crohns Disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease and it is also known as IBD. I now know that Crohns disease is named after Dr. Burrill Crohn. I learned that a Professor in London called John Hermon-Taylor linked MAP which is found in the stomach of cattle, sheep and pigs to Crohns Disease and there will be a cure ready to be given in 5years. I learned that some people often mistake the signs and symptoms for food poisoning or an upset stomach. I learned what the test and procedures involved to diagnose someone with Crohns Disease, and what diet is recommended for someone with the disease but this does not always help in some cases. Recommendations I would recommend that everyone who has been having signs and symptoms like the ones listed above should go and get checked by a doctor and would also recommend that they be tested for MAP. Bibliography http://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease 24/08/16 17:17 http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2866 24/08/16 18:05 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/definition/con-20032061   24/08/16 18:45 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20032061  Ã‚   24/08/16 18:57 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/risk-factors/con-20032061  Ã‚  Ã‚   24/08/16 19:16 http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crohns-disease/basics/complications/con-20032061  Ã‚   25/08/16 16:35 http://crohnsmapvaccine.com/vaccine/   25/08/16 18:47 Images got from google image Impact of Federalism on Free Speech | Proposal Impact of Federalism on Free Speech | Proposal Thesis statement: Throughout the years, the legislatures assurance of the right to speak freely has been giving Americans voices and the privilege to be heard without dread of discipline, be that as it may, the right to speak freely simply like anything can be mishandled and used to damage individuals, not simply in federalism but rather through common freedoms and social equality too. Introduction Freedom of Speech is not as free The Bill of Rights was established in 1789. Answer the questions: How does Federalism affect really affect freedom of speech? Are Americans really free to speak what they think? Discuss the positive impacts of federalism, civil rights, and civil liberties whether it is positive or negative on freedom of speech. Main Point 1: Positive and Negative impacts of federalism on Freedom of speech. Looking at freedom of speech in a positive light it is a gift to all Americans. To be able to have the ability to speak freely without the burden of consequences and punishment is something not even the rest of the world has the ability to do. One positive impact of federalism regarding freedom of speech is Democracy. Freedom of Speech is seen as a basic right that many consider fundamental to the continued health and well-being of a democracy. (Editor, 2015). Freedom of speech is an important foundation for democracy. A negative aspect of federalism regarding freedom of speech is the fact that there have been restrictions placed on freedom of speech by the government that bring the question of whether or not it is a violation of our basic constitutional rights and whether or not there is actually true freedom of speech. people who send threats to elected officials in the government can be tried and punished for their protected rights to say what they think (Editor, 2015) In some situations, speech can even constitute a crime, such as in the case of criminal threats. A criminal threat, sometimes known as the terrorist threat, malicious harassment, or by other terms, occurs when someone threatens to kill or physically harm someone else. (Theoharis, 2016). Depending on what you say it can be punishable by law. This is not total freedom of speech. These quotes are important facts because it weighs the impacts of federalism on society. Main Point 2: Positive and Negative impacts of civil rights on freedom of speech. Freedom of speech played an important positive role in the civil rights movement of the 1950s The First Amendment played a crucial role in the epic struggles of the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s, when Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and countless others engaged in sit-ins, protests, marches and other demonstrations to force social change. (Hudson, 2002) Freedom of speech allowed protesters of this time to speak up on injustices and civil rights violation. Civil rights have a negative effect on freedom of speech through the extremists who over express their distaste on matters they believe is in direct violation of their civil rights. The number of hate groups operating in the United States soared in 2015, according to a recently released report from the Southern Poverty Law Center, which monitors extremist activity. (Kaplan, 2016) The rise in extremist activity due to the confederate flag issue and police brutality have had a direct impact on how people use their freedom of speech to fight the belief that civil rights are being violated. Main Point 3: Positive and Negative impacts of Civil liberties on freedom of speech Freedom of expression is a crucial civil liberty given to Americans that positively impact their social environment. The Freedom of Speech allows you the protected right to let others know what you think. From minor to major points, the Freedom of Speech will mean that even if people do not like what you say, you can still say it without risking fines and even jail time. People have the right to express themselves when it comes to all kinds of avenues. One negative impact of civil liberties on freedom of speech is the fact that although freedom of expression is beneficial to the social environment it is limited by the government as well. In 1912, feminist Margaret Sanger was arrested for giving a lecture on birth control. (American Civil Liberties Union, 2016) Although people may take certain standpoints based on their beliefs, their right to express those beliefs have not always been allowed. Conclusion Freedom of speech is not totally free, as seen in federalism, civil liberties, and civil rights, there is always a stipulation or limit to what we can say and when we can say it. References   American Civil Liberties Union. (2016). Freedom of Expression. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from ACLU: https://www.aclu.org/freedom-expression-0 Editor, C. (2015, June 28). 5 Essential Pros and Cons of Freedom of Speech. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from NLCATP: http://nlcatp.org/5-essential-pros-and-cons-of-freedom-of-speech/ Hudson, D. L. (2002, September 16). Civil rights First Amendment. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from Assembly Reaseach, Freedom of Assembly: http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/civil-rights-first-amendment Kaplan, M. (2016, February 2). US Hate Groups Rise In 2015: Immigration, Black Lives Matter, Confederate Flag Debates Fuel Extremism, Report Finds. Retrieved May 30, 2016, from International Business Times: http://www.ibtimes.com/us-hate-groups-rise-2015-immigration-black-lives-matter-confederate-flag-debates-fuel-2310645 Theoharis, M. (2016). Criminal Threats. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from Nolo: http://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/crime-penalties/federal/criminal-threats.htm What are the Impacts of the UK Recession? What are the Impacts of the UK Recession? The UK economy is in recession. What does this mean for everyone? As the economic forecast for the UK grows increasingly gloomy, it seems the recession that was once described as â€Å"looming† or â€Å"forthcoming† is now being qualified as â€Å"current† and â€Å"present†. Commonly associated with increased unemployment, lower inflation and slumped housing markets, a recession does not only represent a thorn in the flesh of the Government and large corporations, but is a term capable of sending shivers down the spine of an entire nation. But what exactly constitutes a recession and why are we so fearful of them? Economists are at odds with each other when it comes to settling on a single definition. While some analysts use population growth as a yardstick and others take unemployment rates into account, everyone is in agreement that an economy is deemed to be in recession when it experiences a period of sustained decline. In other words, when the total measure of goods and services produced by a country, or GDP, is se en to contract for two successive quarters, it is said to be in recession. The extent of the recession depends on the duration of this contraction. If GDP rebounds after two quarters of negative growth, the recession can be described as mild. However, should the decline in economic activity persist, the recession becomes full-blown. Guided by the above definition, it is impossible to say how long the current economic downturn in the UK will last or even whether the country is in recession for certain. The Office for National Statistics publishes estimate values for GDP on a quarterly basis. These figures are later confirmed and sometimes need to be revised. For example, GDP values for the last six months of 2008 will not be official until 2009. This explains the Government’s reluctance to use the term â€Å"recession† when referring to the economic slowdown. Not all commentators share the same hesitancy. Bodies such as the European Commission and the Organisation for E conomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have predicted that the UK economy will shrink in the second half of this year. Technicalities notwithstanding, the UK economy is certainly showing signs of deceleration. It appears that recession is not only inevitable but already upon us. Before considering the implications of this negative growth for the average consumer, let us first examine how it impacts the economy as a whole. Few businesses are immune from the effects of fluctuating tax, interest and unemployment rates. Trends in these areas reflect the state of the economy at present and can also provide a good indication of what to expect in the future. Some of the predominant characteristics of the current economic situation are as follows: Falling share prices One of the first areas of to be hit in times of crisis is the stock market. It is liable to react badly purely in anticipation of an economic slowdown. Because recessions are generally synonymous with reduced profitability, this means that people are less inclined to invest in dividends, therefore lowering the value of shares. Shortage of credit Still reeling from subprime mortgage financial crisis, many banks in the UK have been forced to reduce the availability of credit. When money is lent, it is at an increased rate. This means that it is more difficult for mortgage applications to be approved. Fewer mortgages lead to a reduced number of house being sold, resulting in a depressed housing market. Equally harmful is the effect of more stringent lending conditions on consumer confidence. With less equity at their disposal, consumers are less likely to spend, further damaging the economy. Higher unemployment In a tougher economic climate, businesses are often forced to shed employees in order to survive. As inflation decreases due to a lack of demand, those who succeed in retaining their position may be forced sacrifice a pay rise. It can take longer for the effects of a recession to filter down to the jobs market. Unfortunately, high unemployment rates can linger for an extended period once economic growth has been restored. Increased Government borrowing Job losses and failing businesses will entail a loss of revenue for the Treasury in terms of income tax and corporation tax. In a bid to recover from these losses by stimulating the sluggish economy, the Government will often lower taxes and interest rates. The added strain of increased spending on unemployment benefits, not to mention the part-nationalisation of several of the countries largest banks, will also increase the need to borrow money. In order to recuperate, taxes and interest rates typically rise again and can remain high after the recession has passed. Regardless of whether you are directly affected by the factors listed above, the fact remains that the economic health of the country will influence the financial stability of the entire population. Indeed consumers are already feeling the squeeze. Pension funds and investment schemes linked to the FTSE 100 have suffered huge devaluations, car sales have plummeted, more people are competing for fewer jobs and food and fuel prices are on the up. This tougher economic environment does not only hit bank balances, but also has a psychological impact on the nation. The failure and subsequent bailout of some of the countries largest banks seriously dented consumers’ trust in the financial system and led people to question whether their money was secure. These doubts are further disseminated by the media, as audiences are bombarded with reports painting a gloomy picture of the economy, culminating in an even bigger blow to consumer confidence. As a result, many people adopt a more ca utious approach to spending, ultimately to the detriment of the financial system thus fuelling economic decline and driving the belief that fear of recession is a self-fulfilling prophecy. On a more optimistic note, some experts claim that a recession can in fact benefit the economy in that it forces companies to become more efficient and weeds out failing business. However this will come as little comfort to the average consumer, struggling to emerge from the shadow of uncertainty that recession casts over their finances.

Causes of Epidemic Diseases

Causes of Epidemic Diseases Throughout the history of mankind there have been many diseases that have spread quickly becoming an epidemic, a lot of these diseases are preventable if only individuals had access to important information pertaining to the spread of the disease. There are many ways to prevent the spread of these diseases and there are many different types of disease with multiple symptoms. According to Medicine.net, an epidemic is the occurrence of more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period, a sudden severe outbreak of a disease such as SARS. Also epidemic diseases are the classification of a disease that occur as a new case in human population through spreading quickly and extensively by infection, so these kinds of diseases affect many individuals in an area at the same time. Generally epidemic diseases appear and high rate in crowed population, where health conditions are bad and medicinal services can not provided such as in underdeveloped countries, particularly in Africa. There are some famous examples for epidemic diseases, such as the Black Death during the Medieval Europe and the Great Influenza Pandemic that occurred by the end of First World War. But today, AIDS and Bird Flu are two dangerous epidemic diseases, and lets not forget Ebola Hemorrhagic, West Nile, Mad cow, small pox and H1N1 swine flu. These diseases have been a global problem which has threatened all individuals in the world. AIDS has become a pandemic and has killed millions young and old. According to Burke Weill, AIDS is a disease that attacks the immune system leading to susceptibility to opportunistic infection and eventually death. AIDS is a great example of a disease which became an epidemic and eventually a pandemic. Additionally, epidemic diseases have occurred as a result of three important factors, which are agent, host, and environment. That is, agents are the cause of epidemic diseases and host increase the effects of diseases and environmental situations permit host e xposure to the agent. â€Å"The year 1918 embodied one of the greatest epidemics in the history of mankind. By years end, 50 million innocent lives would be taken by a virus, including over 600,000 in the United States alone (Simonsen, 1997). The virus was influenza and it spanned the entire globe in 1918. It is known as the worst influenza epidemic ever. The virus caused sickness, death, and grief to every part of the world. One of the most shocking aspects of the 1918 influenza virus was how quickly and easily it spread. One person infected with the virus could spread it to hundreds by simply coughing. What made matters and the spread of the virus worse was World War I (CDC). During the Great War, influenza afflicted military personnel from the United States were shipped all over the North America, Europe, and other various continents spreading the disease. Therefore, this paper will argue that the United States military was a major contributing factor to the spread of the Influenza virus in 1918.† Before the emergence of SARS-CoV, no efforts were put into the search for antiviral drugs against corona viruses. The rapid transmission and high mortality rate made SARS a global threat for which no efficacious therapy was available and empirical strategies had to be used to treat the patients. According to wikipedia.org, new insights into the field of the SARS-CoV genome structure and pathogenesis revealed novel potential anti-corona virus targets. Several proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV could be considered as targets for therapeutic intervention: the spike protein, the main protease, the NTPase/helicase, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and different other viral protein-mediated processes. Potential anti-SARS-CoV drugs are currently being developed in vivo. The development of effective drugs against SARS-CoV may also provide new strategies for the prevention or treatment of other corona virus diseases in animals or humans. Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV suggesting an important role for neutralizing antibodies. One important property of future vaccine candidates is the ability to give protection against multiple variant strains of SARS-CoV, especially in senescent populations that are most at risk for severe disease. SARS may be suspected in a patient who has: any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38  °C (100.4  °F) or higher, and either a history of: contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or travel to any of the regions identified by the who as areas with recent local transmission of SARS (affected regions as of 10 May 2003 were parts of China, Hong Kong, Singapore and the province of Ontario, Canada) (Smith, 2006). Mad cow disease is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection. Mad cow disease† is a fatal and communicable brain disease of cows that has a very long incubation period. Decades after infection, the brains of infected cattle develop numerous small cavities as nerve cells die. The holes produce a marked spongy appearance that gives the disease its scientific name, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (txtwriter.com). Central nervous system function is progressively degraded, until death eventually occurs. Many people have got this disease and died. In addition, mad cow disease is caused by consumption of infected meat. Unfortunately there is no cure for mad cow disease. The origin of smallpox is uncertain, but it is believed to have originated in Africa and then spread to India and China thousands of years ago. The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. Epidemics occurred in the North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Millions of people died in Europe and Mexico as a result of widespread smallpox epidemics. The vaccine that was created for small pox is called dryvax. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which is spread through close contact with a person who has symptoms of the disease. A person with smallpox has infected saliva, and face-to-face contact can spread the virus. The virus could also be spread through other body fluids and contaminated clothing or bed linen. Smallpox is highly contagious, and people who have it are most infectious during the first week of illness (Meadows, 2003). The symptoms of small pox are as follows; high fever, fatigue, headaches, backaches, and vomiting; in addition, a rash on the face, arms, legs and other areas of the body. The rash turns into raised bumps that become pus-filled blisters (Meadows, 2003). Scabs develop and usually fall off three to four weeks later. There is no proven treatment that exists for smallpox. However, people with smallpox are given intravenous fluids and medicine to control fever and pain, and antibiotics are given to prevent or treat possible bacterial infections. Two treatments for smallpox–Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) and cidofovir–are being studied and could be given under investigational new drug protocols (Meadows, 2003). Swine Flu symptoms are; cough sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, fatigue, and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting. The vaccine for swine flu is called the H1N1 vaccine. However, the treatment for swine flu is a medication called tamiflu and relenza. The dose for this medication is seventy-five milligrams twice a day for five day, which is for someone that has been diagnosed with swine flu. On the other hand, a person that was exposed to it would tale tamiflu seventy-five milligrams once a day for ten days. There have been many diseases throughout history that have become an epidemic and a lot of these diseases are preventable. The epidemic diseases have occurred as a result of three important factors, which are agent, host, and environment. In addition, the influenza virus of 1918 is known as the worst influenza epidemic ever killing 50 million people and it spread from the United States to parts of North America, Europe, and other various continents. SARS-CoV has a rapid transmission and high mortality rate. This in turn, made SARS a global threat for which no efficacious therapy was available. Before its emergence, no efforts were put into the search for antiviral drugs against corona viruses. Now Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV. There is not a cure for small pox and other epidemic diseases. The medical community treats the diseases the best they can and the best way to combat diseases is to prevent the disease from spreading. References  ·Seasonal Influenza: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3273 disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm Simonsen L et al. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87(12):1944-1950. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome#Research http://txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/europemadcow1.html Meadows, Michelle. 2003. An Update on Smallpox.Retrieved from: http://www.mamashealth.com/infect/smallpox.asp Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Journal of Social Science and Medicine, 63, 3113-3123

King Arthur :: essays research papers

Arthur’s Reasons Concerning War   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the beginning of time, the chaotic and barbaric fighting called war has been and will happen until the end of the world, that is, unless mankind smartens up. As T.H. White puts it on pages 631-632,â€Å"They were always saying that the present one (war) was to be the last, and afterwards there was to be a heaven. They were always to rebuild such a new world as never was seen. When the time came, however, they were too stupid.† At the beginning of Arthur’s reign he dealt with psychotic men such as King Lot that waged wars for pure sport. Since they had enough money to do so, they would buy expensive armor and weaponry and would kill for game. In his old age, just before succumbing to death, Arthur ponders deeply about the causes of war. It takes him his entire lifetime to figure out the answer to stop the madness. And just when he figures this out, it is way too late to take action upon his conclusion. Although war is waged for many reasons on t he surface, Arthur at long last surmises that it all stems from one, true foundation. After perusing reasons such as people that â€Å"have† or â€Å"have not,† fear of dishonest people, and ancestral feuds, Arthur finally deduces that the true reason for war is land boundaries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most sufficient explanation for the idea of war based on the â€Å"haves† and the â€Å"have-nots† is that of Arthur versus Mordred. On page 632, it was simply stated, â€Å"I have, and Mordred has not.† Mordred grew up in shame. He is an illegitimate child with a horrible woman for a mother. Consequently, Modred was jealous of Arthur’s happiness and ability to be justified. Mordred’s jealousy of Arthur causes him to begin a war against Arthur and if this were the true reason for war, similar statements can be said for all wars. This type of war is instigated by possessiveness and greed. Arthur disproves this idea because the solution to ending war would be for everyone to either have or not to have. This idea in present-day terms would be called communism. Furthermore, as the public knows, true communism cannot be attained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Suspicion of neighboring leaders not telling the truth is yet another one of Arthur’s ideas of why war is set off. It is a fault of the human body to not always tell the truth.

Radio Stations and the Public Good :: essays papers

Radio Stations and the Public Good For my final project on public interest I chose to view the public inspection files of the local radio station. I have been working at radio stations all of my life and had never seen or heard of a public inspection file until this class. In order to prepare the station for my arrival I called in advance to make an appointment. The receptionist answered the phone and I told her that I needed to see the files, this created a great deal of suspicion and I was directed to Dave Andrews the Vice President of Regent Broadcasting. Right away I knew that it was not a regular request due to the manor of which he explained the rules, it was as if he was reading them of an F.C.C handout. â€Å" Any member of the public can view the files between Monday and Friday during normal business hours†, he recited. I made an appointment, and I was very interested in viewing something that deserved the attention of the Vice President. I had no idea that this visit would be so rewarding and life changing. I arrived at the local radio station in time for my appointment. The receptionist asked to see identification, I gave my driver’s license which she photo copied. I felt as if I was in a secret area of the Government where I needed clearance to view the top-secret files. After my information was taken I met Mary-Jo Beach the General Manager who would assist me in viewing the public inspection files. I was disappointed when I first saw the standard gray file cabinet, because in my head I pictured a mission impossible type setting with gadgets and locks. Mary-Jo sat with me in her office as I viewed the files. She was very suspicious at first and very interested in my objective. Before I was actually able to review the public inspection file, Mary-Jo asked me what exactly I wanted to see and why I was interested in their station. I explained that I was a student and as our final project we had to visit a station, view the files and then report our experience and determine if they were broadcasting in the public interest. Mary-Jo’s whole manner changed, she seemed to be relieved. After I had explained the main reason she helped me work through the files and was very helpful in answering my questions.

The Letter from Birmingham Jail

â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† was written on April 16, 1963 by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It was written in response to the objections of white southern men. This letter explains Martin Luther Kings’ actions and tries to clarify and explain his protest for desegregation was necessary and definitely not untimely. The letter explains why he was in jail, the wrongful acts against African Americans during the civil rights era, and the use of direct action to make a difference. Dr Kings’ letter stands as a modern classic of argumentation partially due to his use of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals: ethos, logos, and pathos.First of Aristotle’s three rhetorical appeals is ethos. Ethos is an appeal to the writer’s credibility. In Dr. Kings’ essay he used this appeal in this quote, â€Å"But since I feel that you are men of genuine good will and that your criticisms are sincerely set forth, I want to try to answer your statement in w hat I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. † (p. 212). King felt it was necessary for non-violent approach to be taken sp that communication could open between the two races. Through non-violent action, crisis is formed and communities are forced to confront the issue.King strongly believed the situation needed to be discussed rather than left as it was. Aristotle’s second appeal is logos. Logos is the appeal to logic. Martin Luther King was an excellent speaker and appealed to the logical side of most people. His essay took his knowledge and his talent of persuasion and summed up what he was working for and what he believed in. In Kings speech he wrote this, â€Å"How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? A law is a manmade code that squares with the moral law or law of god. An unjust law is a code out of harmony with the moral law. † (p. 215-216).He shows the difference between just and unjust appealing to the reader’s logical side. K ing believes that justice too long is justice denied. Freedom must be demanded by the oppressed because the oppressor never voluntarily gives it. Aristotle’s final rhetorical appeal is pathos. Pathos is the appeal to the reader’s emotion. In Kings Letter he wrote this, â€Å"†¦when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your six year old daughter why she cant go to the amusement part that has just been advertised on television, and tears welling up in her eyes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 215).This quote really tugs on the reader’s emotions as he/she can visualize the little girl starting to cry. King’s letter was intended to erase the â€Å"clouds of racial prejudice† and bring some understanding of brotherhood to the communities throughout the Unites States. It is very difficult for a parent to have to tell their child they cannot do something because of the color of their skin. It is a shame that we were so hateful and small minded in the past, and all the suffering that had to happen before we finally realized that something so small as the color of your skin doesn’t determine what kind of person someone is.King believes the message of integration is universal and anyone who lives in the United States cannot be considered an outsider regardless of race, color, religion, or creed. In â€Å"The Letter from Birmingham Jail† King used all three of Aristotle’s rhetorical appeals for classical argument. King used ethos to appeal to the writer’s credibility; logos to appeal to the writer’s logic; and pathos to appeal to the writer’s emotion. Martin Luther King’s goals have been met, but only to some extent.This writer views his letter as an influential part of history and a dramatic event that changes the Civil Rights Movement for the better. There is still hatred by some and fear which fuels hatred by others. Letter from Birmingham J ail attempts to make racist people understand King’s urge for desegregation. He demonstrates the purpose behind the protest and it’s urgency by various examples throughout the letter. It’s just so unfortunate that still today we have such small minded people even after Dr. Kings powerful letter.

Art Paper

Formal Analysis: The Metropolitan Museum of art boasts an impressive collection of art, among many other things. One piece that stood out the most was Saint John the Baptist Preaching, by Mattia Preti. Though the work has seemingly faded a bit over the last 360 years, it remains in superb condition, which leads one to believe it has been restored over time. It is this condition that caught my attention, surprisingly as dull as the piece appears; it stills pops when you make eye contact with it. Why does is pop? What about this work has my attention? My first thoughts were the artist’s ability to capture the human form with the amount of detail Mattia Preti had, was the drawing factor that brought me to choosing this as my focal point on my museum trip. The title is Saint John the Baptist Preaching, yet there are no subjects being preached to in the composition. Saint John is making direct eye contact with you as you are staring at him, which gives the sense of actually being in his presence, and listening to him preach. It seems Mattia Preti wanted the viewers to all feel like they were the ones being preached to from the arrangement of this piece of art. Saint John is situated in the middle of the canvas, slouched and leaning to his left in a sort of lazy posture, with his left hand over his heart. This to me says he is speaking of something in which he truly believes, or loves. Situated below him is a white lamb, which is apparent in many religious paintings, the relevance though escapes me. The human form is captured flawlessly, the artist’s ability to capture proper muscle tone and shape is uncanny, only if for a moment it seems this is a photograph taken in the 16th century. No small detail is over looked, looking closer you can actually see veins in the forearm and hand of the subject.